2000

World Final

HPI Challenge World Final Main Page
Printable Sign-Up Form | List of Racers

Rules for each racing class
RS4 Electric Mini 
RS4 Electric Rally 
RS4 Electric Sport 
RS4 Electric Pro 
RS4 Nitro Stock 
RS4 Nitro Modified 
RS4 Super Nitro Modified
 

The location will be the Irvine Spectrum Center, in central Orange County, California, USA. The southernmost parking lot area will be the precise location of the race.

The date will be November 4-5, 2000.

The Top 10 finishers from each Class at the HPI Challenge European Finals, US Finals and Japan Finals qualify for the World Finals in USA. The host country will allow open registrations to bring the number of racers to no more than 200-250. Optionally, some distributors holding races may send one or two racers from their country.

Rules may differ slightly from those used at the European, US, Japan Finals. All competitors will be expected to understand the rules for their class and fully comply with them for the race weekend.

Competitors who have previously won the HPI Challenge European, Japan, or US Finals in any Classes are welcome to enter the same class again, but it must be understood that the same Competitor cannot win the Main prize (the plane ticket) to the World Final in consecutive years.

It is only possible for a Competitor to win 1 Ticket at the European, Japan, or US Finals for the World Finals.

If a Competitor enters and wins two Classes, he/she must decide which Class they would like to compete in at the World Finals.

The following number of drivers (from their respective classes at their European, Japan, US Finals) can qualify for the HPI Challenge World Finals in America.

No sponsored or supported “Team” drivers in any class.

HPI factory sponsored drivers or employees will be allowed to participate in one class of their choice for demonstration purposes only, with the understanding that they may not race in the final races. If any HPI factory sponsored driver or employee races in the RS4 Electric Rally class, they will not gather points towards a finishing place and will not race in the final race.

No Electronic Gyro’s allowed at any time.

Qualification through National HPI Challenge races for the European or Japan - which provide the route to the HPI Challenge World Finals in America each year. Because HPI USA did not hold a US Finals race, any US driver who wishes to participate may enter the event.

See above for the number of drivers ‘invited’ to the World Finals.

Practice will be allowed on Friday afternoon (if available) and early Saturday before Qualifying. Practice on the race day morning is at the club’s discretion

There will be at least 4 Rounds of Qualifying:

• FTD (Fastest Time of the Day) Qualifying, which will determine the qualifying sort order 

• 5-minute qualifying races for all classes with an IFMAR start in qualifying.

Finals

• 5-minute Final races for all classes except all RS4 Nitro classes and RS4 Electric Rally

• RS4 Nitro Stock will have a 10-minute A Main, RS4 Nitro Modified and RS4 Super Nitro Modified will have a 20-minute A Main.

• Single mains for all classes except the RS4 Electric Pro class, which will have Triple A-Mains

• The RS4 Electric Rally will have a points series of 6-8 races. See the RS4 Electric Rally section below for a description of the points series.

 Start Orders

• Round 1 will be Numbers 1 – 10. 

• If time allows, round 2 onwards will be FTD qualifying. Otherwise, the races will be resorted after round 2 to put drivers in heats of similar finishing times.

Scrutineering/Tech Inspection will take place before each qualifying and final round by official HPI personnel or appointed track personnel. Additional inspection can take place following each round of racing, and can also take place at any time during the race weekend by official HPI personnel.

All cars must pass scrutineering or you will lose your fastest time in that Qualifying Round, or, in the case of a final race, you will be disqualified from the final round (finishing last in the race).

It is suggested that all racers bring their cars to the Inspection Area before any racing begins so they can be sure their car will pass the post-race inspections.

Booking-In (Registration) Closes Saturday at 9.00 AM, provided there are any available openings.

Friday
Practice                                                All Afternoon (if track is complete)

Saturday
Practice                                                7.00 AM – 9.00 AM
Driver’s Briefing                                                  9.05 AM
Heat 1 Starts                                         9.30 AM
Anticipated end of day                            7.00 PM

Practice on the track will be open for a short time after qualifying ends on Saturday.  

Sunday
Practice                                                7.00 AM – 9.00 AM
Heat 4 Starts                                         9.10 AM
Anticipated end of qualifying                    12.30 PM
Concours Challenge                               1.00 PM
Group pictures                                       1:30 PM
Main Events start (A Finals run last)        2.00 PM  
Anticipated end of day                            6.00 PM

The track will be closed immediately after the A finals on Sunday afternoon.

No Points are awarded from qualifying. A racer’s fastest qualifying time will be used to determine their position in the finals.

Entry fees will be $25 (USD). This will provide racers with free HPI promotional items and a set of free spec tires.

Racers are limited to a maximum of two (2) classes to race in. Exceptions to the maximum number of classes include racers who wish to enter the RS4 Rally and RS4 Electric Pro classes. If you wish, you can sign up for three classes, provided at least one class is either RS4 Rally or RS4 Electric Pro. Entries for four classes, with two entries being for RS4 Rally and RS4 Electric Pro, are possible, however this will be contingent upon the amount of racers in each class. No matter how many classes you enter, you will only get one hat or shirt and one body (two if entered in Nitro Stock).

Booking In = All drivers must supply entry details via their country’s Distributor.

Entries will be taken strictly on a first-come, first-serve basis. Racers from outside Orange County, California, will have a number of spots reserved for them alone. This will allow racers who must travel the opportunity to sign up.

Racers who send in a properly filled-out entry sheet and entry fee but are unable to register due to a full race program will be put on a waiting list. Racers who have registered but are unable to attend will receive full refunds of their fees if HPI Racing USA receives a written letter by October 27, 2000. Cancellations after this date will not receive any part of the entry fee. If a racer is on the waiting list, they will be contacted via email or phone and given the option of a) a full refund or b) being put on a waiting list, pending cancellations. The waiting list will be filled on a first-come, first-serve basis. The earlier a person gets on the waiting list, the better chance they have of taking a spot opened by cancellation. A cancellation is only valid if the race organizer (Frank McKinney) is contacted by the racer or the person who signed the check and informed that the racer will not be able to race either day.

Racing classes that have available openings will be announced Saturday morning, with the racers on the waiting list given the first opportunity to fill the openings in the race schedule. After waiting a moderate time for the racers on the waiting list to approach the race director, we will make the openings available to all other racers, including those already registered in two classes. Racers that have not entered in two classes will be give the first option to enter a third class.

Race details, Information letter, Rules, Maps and Hotel information etc. will be sent out via your country’s Distributor.

The winner from each Class at the HPI Challenge World Finals will be officially named HPI Challenge “(Insert Year + Class)” World Champion.

World Final - Class Winners will receive large trophies to keep.

The Top 10 in each class will also receive trophies or plaques.

The Top 3 in each Final race will receive plaques.  

NOTE: American Honda will be sponsoring the event with extra prizes to be given to the fastest racer in each class that uses a Honda or Acura body. For the RS4 Super Nitro Modified class, an extra prize will be presented to the winner. The Honda or Acura body must be run in the main event to qualify for this prize.

All registered racers will get one free HPI hat or shirt and a free HPI body (one only per racer). All Nitro Stock racers will receive one extra body. Racers will receive a maximum of two bodies only. Racers must be registered and participate in the racing (at least one full day of racing - 3 heats on Saturday or one heat and main event on Sunday) to receive their hat or shirt, and body.

There will be two classes of Concours Challenge judging:
Best Overall Appearance (judged by HPI personnel)
Best Honda/Acura Body (judged by American Honda sponsors and special guests)

The winning bodyshells DO NOT have to be used during any races. This is to accommodate the racers who have prepared a Concours Challenge body specifically for this event, as well as the variant to our usual Concours Challenge special. If they wish to race their Concours Challenge bodies, winners are allowed to remove inner bodies, lights, roll bars, netting, etc., that would interfere with the proper handling and tuning of the car. The winning Concours Challenge competitor will win the HPI Challenge “(insert year)” Concours World Champion trophy. NOTE: If the winning body is cut out to resemble a convertible, that body is exempted from the rule governing body hole sizes in the roof.

Representatives from American Honda and other companies will assist in choosing the best overall Concours Challenge competitor that uses a Honda or Acura body. Special prizes from American Honda will be given to these winners.

Nitro class cars will have single Final races. All mains other than A-Mains will be 5 minutes long. A-Mains will be 10 minutes for Nitro Stock and 20 minutes for Nitro Modified and Super Nitro Modified. All qualifying heats for the Nitro classes are 5 minutes.

Any Nitro car that has a loose muffler, header or exhaust that is causing excessive noise will be asked to pull into the pit lane immediately for repair. Repairs must happen in the pit lane or a loss of one lap in that race will occur. If the car does not have the exhaust system repaired within one lap of the race director's warning, a loss of one qualifying lap in that race will occur. If the car does not have the exhaust system repaired within two laps of the race director's warning, the racer will be black-flagged and disqualified from that round of racing.

Nitro Stock class – special rules

Nitro Stock racers must be aware that certain special rules apply to them, in order to make the racing fair and as close as possible. See the section of the rules for the RS4 Nitro Stock class for these rules and their clarifications. Pay particular attention to rules concerning modifications of the engine, carburetor and exhaust system, as this is critical to the fairness and intent of this racing class.

All Electric classes will run for 5 minutes in each race. All qualifying heats will use IFMAR (staggered) starts. The RS4 Rally class will use IFMAR starts for all races. Other Electric classes will use LeMans starts for each main event. Electric class cars will use spec motor, although any brand and type of motor can be used, as long as the number of ‘turns’ of wire on the motor is within the specified range.

The inspection of the electric motors does not involved damaging the motor in any way, we merely take the motor armature out of the motor can and check the resistance of the wires on it to determine if it is legal. This does involve removal of the motor from the car and disassembly, and random checks of electric class motors will take place during the race weekend. The top 3 cars in each final race will be checked for motor rules compliance as well.

The gearing of each car will be checked before each race. You may not run a pinion gear larger than what is specified in the rules, and you may not run a spur gear that is smaller than what is specified in the rules. This helps keep the cars at approximately the same speed, for tight action-packed races! It also helps make sure your car will run for a full 5-minute race.

Confirmations of rules can be attained and confirmed by Frank McKinney or Jamie Booth – the HPI Challenge Coordinators.

Any infringement of the HPI Challenge Rules can result in at least the loss of your fastest time of the day.

Serious breaches of the HPI Challenge Rules, general bad behaviour or foul language during the weekend could result in a competitor being disqualified and asked to leave the meeting.

Warnings can be issued by Frank McKinney, Jamie Booth, the Race Director(s) or by the HPI Challenge Race Referee.

ONLY Frank McKinney or Jamie Booth can confirm penalties. If you have a dispute, please come and see Frank McKinney or Jamie Booth immediately.

• Bad driving (intentional hitting, over-aggressive driving, cutting the track, etc.) will result in a Driver Warning from race control or the Race Director.  If bad driving is repeated, a 10-second penalty will be incurred (applied retroactively), and a third penalty will result in the loss of your FTD.

• Cars that are out of control, are missing a wheel, have a loose (unglued) tire, missing a wing, etc., will be black-flagged and must pull off the track immediately. We will not risk the damage to another driver’s car.

• Racers must marshal immediately after their race, whether they started or finished the race. If the Race Director calls out a racer’s name for marshalling duties, the racer or his replacement marshal (must be another racer) must raise his or her hand and be recognized. The Technical Inspection table will be at the exit of the driver stand, so racers will leave their radio and car on a shelf there and go directly to the track and not to the pit area.

• Marshals must remain standing at their ‘numbered’ Marshalling posts until they have been relieved.

• Marshals must not repair any car while they are marshalling. Except for pulling a body off a tire or off a chassis part, no repairs to any car may be made on the track by anyone. Marshals must pick up the car, turn it off, shut the engine off if it is a Nitro car, and set the car down behind a barrier off the driving line. If a car can be quickly repaired and started again, it must be done by a member of the driver’s pit crew or a racer off the racing surface.

• Marshals must not eat, drink, smoke, talk with spectators or other racers, or otherwise distract themselves from corner marshalling during any race they are marshalling.

• Coaching of drivers by spectators or pit crew (during races) or talking to drivers that are racing is not allowed. Drivers on the stand talking to one another is not allowed, except for a slower driver announcing to a faster driver when they will move over to allow an easy pass, etc.

• Mobile phones are not allowed on the driver stand (rostrum), on the track or in the pit area.

Drivers can make formal complaints to Frank McKinney or Jamie Booth about any of the above.  This will result in an informal verbal warning to any driver in question.  If a second complaint is made about the same driver, a 10-second penalty will be incurred on the racer’s best time. A third complaint will result in the loss of that driver’s FTD.

Please pay special attention to this section!

Because of the considerations of fire, police, health and safety laws concerning the location of the HPI Challenge World Finals, all participants and spectators must be aware of certain ordinances that must be complied with. These include, but are not limited to:

• Canopies – no more than four canopies of the “instant shelter” type may be connected together. There must be a ten-foot gap between separate canopies. Fully enclosed tents are not allowed.

• Generators – must be at least 50 feet away from fuel and canopies. We will have a very large (120 kilowatt) generator on location to provide more than enough electricity for everyone. Bring a long extension cord with you if at all possible.

• Parking – pitting from your car will not be allowed, because of fire regulations. Fire lanes must be easily accessible. Bring a small table and chair with you, we will have plenty of electricity available for everyone (see above). The parking area will be at least 50 feet away from the pit areas. Handicapped parking spaces will be clearly marked, anyone parking in a marked handicapped spot will have their car towed if they do not have the proper parking tags. Cars parked in a fire lane or parked so they block driveways or other cars will also be towed away.

• Tables and chairs – racers who have travelled from Asia, Africa, Australia and Europe will be provided with tables and chairs under a large tent. Racers who have travelled from out of state or Northern California will be allowed to pit under this tent on a first-come, first-serve basis. Extra tables and chairs will be available, but without a shade covering. Local racers (anyone who drove less than 1.5 hours to reach this race) are asked to be considerate and provide their fellow racers who couldn’t bring tents and tables with space to adequately pit. You are encouraged to bring your own tables and chairs.

• Food – we will have catering trucks provide drinks, food and snacks during the day, and racers are encouraged to visit the merchants in the Irvine Spectrum Center Food Court for a huge variety of food and beverages. You are welcome to bring a cooler of food and drink for your own use as well.

• Trash – we will provide trash boxes and trash bags for racers to use; please use them for all trash items! We would like to be able to use the Irvine Spectrum Center as a race location in the future.

This will help us avoid any confusion and help to keep everyone using the same rules throughout the event.

HPI Racing reserves the right to make only minor changes or clarifications to these rules (where needed), until 14 days before the event (October 27, 2000). These rules will be available in their most recent form at www.hpiracing.com. The date of the last revision to this document is October 24, 2000.  

RS4 ELECTRIC MINI

• 4 Qualifying Rounds
• FTD Qualifying
• Stagger Starts
• 5 Minute Races 

• RS4 Mini or RS4 Mini Pro cars only with HPI option parts

• Ballraces are allowed

• No minimum weight limit

• No structural changes allowed – for example, moving battery or motor positions other than what is allowed for in the kit, saddle pack chassis, centered servos, changing wheelbase to other than 210mm or 225mm, etc.; the car must maintain the same measurements in all respects

• Any HPI body shell designed for the RS4 Mini. (Mini Miata bodyshell is not allowed)

• Standard wings must be used (the wing and/or spoiler that came with the body)

• All bodyshells must be cut out as standard, unless otherwise stated.

• Windows must remain clear and unpainted

• No rollover (fiberglass or graphite) antennas.

• X-Pattern Radial Tire Belted (provided at the track by the organizers as spec tire), Part No. 4565. These tires must be used at all times while racing on the track. Although you will not need an extra set of tires, extra #4565 tires may be brought to the track and used, but all tire rules must be followed.

• Belt may not be removed. 

• Traction compound may be used, however no glue or hardening material may be used to alter the grip of the tire. 

• Any foam inserts may be used. Standard gray open-cell foams are included.

• Wheels must be 26mm across and Mini-size (44mm diameter), any brand wheels may be used and will not be provided. 1/10 scale Touring Car wheels (48-50mm diameter) are not allowed.

• Modified Motor limit – Minimum 17 Turn Modified Motors. We will have a way to check the number of turns on the armature without damaging the motor. The top 3 finishers in each main event will have their motors checked. Random spot checks will take place during qualifying.

• 48DP Gears only

• All Pinions MUST be clearly MARKED or STAMPED for easy scrutineering

• MAXIMUM Pinion Size                           32 tooth

• MINIMUM Spur Gear Size                       87 tooth (stock spur gear)

• Only Sub “C” Size NiCads in original manufacturer’s heatsink. 
• We RECOMMEND however you DO NOT NEED batteries that cost more than $30 (£25) per pack.  We have controlled overall speed and duration by enforcing gearing as shown above.

• The overall winner of the RS4 Electric Mini class will win a large trophy cup and an HPI kit, to be chosen by the race directors. 

• The 2^nd to 10^th place racers in the A Main, and the 1^st to 3^rd place racers in all other mains will receive wooden plaques to commemorate their achievement.

RS4 ELECTRIC RALLY

• Final position determined by highest point total

• FTD Qualifying

• Stagger Starts

• 5 Minute Races at the start of every round of qualifying and before each Electric Pro A Main race (minimum of 7 races). Points will be distributed according to finishing position 

• Standard RS4 Rally cars only, or HPI touring car models that have been converted to a Rally type suspension following the shock rules below. Any manufacturer's option parts are allowed. 

• Max Width = 200mm

• Ball bearings (ballraces) are allowed  

• No minimum weight limit

• Rally-length shock bodies, shock shafts and shock springs must be used at all times. No spacers inside the shocks. External spacers on shock body can be adjusted.

• No structural changes allowed – for example, moving battery or motor positions (other than what is allowed for in the kit), changing wheelbase, etc.; the car must maintain the same measurements in all respects  

• Any 200mm WRC-style HPI bodyshells (Mitsubishi Lancer, Subaru Impreza, Peugeot 206, Ford Focus, Toyota Corolla)
• Standard wings must be used (the wing or spoiler that came with the body)
• All bodyshells must be cut out as standard (using the mold cut lines), unless otherwise stated.
• Windows must remain clear and unpainted.
• No rollover (fiberglass or graphite) antennas.

• B15-40 Racing Belted Slick (provided at the track by the organizers as a spec tire), Part No. 4435. These tires must be used at all times while racing on the track. Although you will not need an extra set of tires, extra #4435 tires may be brought to the track and used, but all tire rules must be followed.
• Belt may not be removed.
• Traction compound may be used, however no glue or hardening material may be used to alter the grip of the tire.
• Wheels must be 26mm wide and 48-50mm in diameter, any brand wheels may be used and will not be provided.
• Any foam inserts may be used. Foam inserts are not provided. Recommended Inserts - Pt No. 4678 or 4679              

• Modified Motor limit – Minimum 17 Turn Modified Motors. We will have a way to check the number of turns on the armature without damaging the motor. The top 3 finishers in each main event will have their motors checked. Random spot checks will take place during qualifying.

• 64DP or 48DP gears only
• All Pinions must be clearly MARKED or STAMPED for easy scrutineering  

• MAXIMUM Pinion Size         (48DP)  31 tooth (stock pinion gear)

• MINIMUM Spur Gear            (48DP)  90 tooth (stock spur gear)  

• MAXIMUM Pinion Size         (64DP)  40 tooth

• MINIMUM Spur Gear            (64DP)  116 tooth

• Only Sub “C” Size NiCads in original manufacturer’s heatsink.
• We RECOMMEND, however, that you DO NOT NEED batteries that cost more than $30 (£25) per pack.  We have controlled overall speed and duration by enforcing gearing as shown above.

All races will have IFMAR (stagger) starts, with each driver competing against the clock. No practice laps will be allowed before the actual race. Violating this rule will result in the loss of one lap from that round’s race. After each round of Rally class racing, the drivers will be sorted in order by most laps/least time that round and assigned points (i.e., drivers will not be sorted according to fastest time per race, but per each round of qualifying). After each round the points will be totaled so each driver can see where he or she stands in comparison. After the last round of racing the winner will be the racer with the highest number of points.

• The overall winner of the RS4 Electric Rally class will win a large trophy cup and one of the first production Super Nitro Rally kits, which will be shipped to the race winner within a few weeks of the event date. 

• The 2^nd to 10^th place racers will receive wooden plaques to commemorate their achievement.

RS4 ELECTRIC SPORT

• 4 Qualifying Rounds
• FTD Qualifying
• Stagger Starts
• 5 Minute Races

• Any original RS4, RS4 Pro, RS4 Pro 2, RS4 Sport, RS4 Sport 2 cars only

• Max Width = 200mm

• Ballraces are allowed

• No minimum weight limit

• No structural changes allowed – for example, moving battery or motor positions other than what is allowed for in the kit, changing wheelbase, etc.; the car must maintain the same measurements in all respects

• Any 190mm or 200mm HPI bodyshells
• Standard wings must be used (the wing and/or spoiler that came with the body)
• All bodyshells must be cut out as standard (using the mold cut lines), unless otherwise stated.
• Windows must remain clear and unpainted.
• No rollover (fiberglass or graphite) antennas.

• B15-40 Racing Belted Slick (provided at the track by the organizers as spec tire), Part No. 4435. These tires must be used at all times while racing on the track. Although you will not need an extra set of tires, extra #4435 tires may be brought to the track and used, but all tire rules must be followed.
• Belt may not be removed.
• Traction compound may be used, however no glue or hardening material may be used to alter the grip of the tire. 
• Wheels must be 26mm wide and 48-50mm in diameter, any brand wheels may be used and will not be provided.
• Any foam inserts may be used. Foam inserts are not provided. Recommended Inserts - Pt No. 4678 or 4679            

• Modified Motor limit – Minimum 17 Turn Modified Motors. We will have a way to check the number of turns on the armature without damaging the motor. The top 3 finishers in each main event will have their motors checked. Random spot checks will take place during qualifying.

• 64DP or 48DP gears only
• All Pinions must be clearly MARKED or STAMPED for easy scrutineering

• MAXIMUM Pinion Size         (48DP)  30 tooth

• MINIMUM Spur Gear            (48DP)  87 tooth   

• MAXIMUM Pinion Size         (64DP)  40 tooth

• MINIMUM Spur Gear            (64DP)  116 tooth

• Only Sub “C” Size NiCads in original manufacturer’s heatsink.
• We RECOMMEND, however, that you DO NOT NEED batteries that cost more than $30 (£25) per pack.  We have controlled overall speed and duration by enforcing gearing as shown above.

• The overall winner of the RS4 Electric Sport class will win a large trophy cup and an HPI kit, to be chosen by the race directors. 

• The 2^nd to 10^th place racers in the A Main, and the 1^st to 3^rd place racers in all other mains will receive wooden plaques to commemorate their achievement.

• 4 Qualifying Rounds
• 3 A Finals for top ten (A Main) drivers only
• FTD Qualifying
• Stagger Starts
• 5 Minute Races

• Any RS4 Pro, RS4 Pro 2, RS4 Sport, RS4 Sport 2 cars only

• Max width = 190mm

• No minimum weight limit

• Any hop up options are allowed

• No structural changes – for example, moving battery or motor positions, changing wheelbase, etc.; the car must maintain the same measurements in all respects

• Any 190mm wide HPI bodyshells (preferably 4-door type Touring Car)
• Standard wings must be used (the wing and/or spoiler that came with the body)
• All bodyshells must be cut out as standard (using the mold cut lines), unless otherwise stated.
• Windows must remain clear and unpainted.
• No rollover (fiberglass or graphite) antennas.

• B15-40 Racing Belted Slick (provided at the track by the organizers as spec tire), Part No. 4435. These tires must be used at all times while racing on the track. Although you will not need an extra set of tires, extra #4435 tires may be brought to the track and used, but all tire rules must be followed. 
• Belt may not be removed.
• Traction compound may be used, however no glue or hardening material may be used to alter the grip of the tire. 
• Wheels must be 26mm wide and 48-50mm in diameter, any brand wheels may be used and will not be provided.
• Any foam inserts may be used. Foam inserts are not provided. Recommended Inserts - Pt No. 4678 or 4679            

• Modified Motor limit – Minimum 12 Turn Modified Motors. We will have a way to check the number of turns on the armature without damaging the motor. The top 3 finishers in each main event will have their motors checked. Random spot checks will take place during qualifying.

• 64DP or 48DP gears only
• All Pinions must be clearly MARKED or STAMPED for easy scrutineering  

• MAXIMUM Pinion Size         (48DP)  30 tooth

• MINIMUM Spur Gear            (48DP)  87 tooth

• MAXIMUM Pinion Size         (64DP)  40 tooth

• MINIMUM Spur Gear            (64DP)  116 tooth          

• Only Sub “C” Size NiCads in original manufacturer’s heatsink.
• We RECOMMEND however you DO NOT NEED batteries that cost more than ($50) £40 per pack.  We have controlled overall speed and duration by enforcing gearing as shown above.